Development is a process of change within countries and their societies. The world has become richer in the past 30 years but the gap between the richest and poorest countries has actually got bigger. Diffferent factors can affect a country’s level and speed of development:
- environmental factors e.g. natural resources, natural hazards
- economic factors e.g. trade, debt
- social factors e.g. access to safe water, level of education
- political factors e.g. government corruption, conflict
Measuring development
BBC Bitesize – contrasts in levels of development
Wealth is one of the main development indicators used to measure a country’s development. The two most common indicators of wealth are:
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product), which is the total value of the goods and services produced by a country in a year
- GNI (Gross National Income), which is like GDP but also includes money earned from overseas.
The World Bank and the United Nations use four levels of income to group countries together. High-income countries are classed as developed and middle/low-income countries are classed as developing.
Developed countries are often those with advanced industries and services that create jobs and wealth compared with poorer countries which often have a higher percentage of people working in agriculture. People in wealthier countries often have a better quality of life because the wealth can be used for things such as healthcare and education. Therefore, wealth can be a good way to measure development however, it does have some drawbacks:
- may be easier to collect data in wealthy countries so figures may be more accurate than for poor ones.
- the data only measures products that are bought and sold. Food grown by farmers to feed their families is an important part of production in many developing countries, but this doesn’t show up in the figures. Developing countries also often have many people working in the cash economy; their work is not recorded (and the Government often finds it difficult to collect taxes from them).
- the figures are only an average for each country and do not tell us about inequality there.
- US$1 goes much further in some countries than in others. To give a fairer picture we use a measure called purchasing power parity to adjust national income and for varying costs of living around the world.
GDP and GNI are economic indicators so don’t give a clear picture of people’s personal living standards They do not tell us how much people earn or how much that buys. Nor do they tell us how educated people are or the cultural quality of their lives. Social indicators (eg. population change, education and health) can also be used to measure development.
Birth rate (the number of live births per 1000 people) – this indicates the availability of contraception, access to healthcare and the level of health education within a country. Richer countries tend to have lower birth rates. Birth rate is an excellent measure of development. In rich industrialising countries women achieve higher levels of education and career prospects. As a result they put off having children and the birth rate drops.
Death rate (the number of deaths per 1000 people) – this indicates the quality of healthcare and standard of living within a country. Death rate is a poor indicator of development. Almost every country have low death rates today. The MEDCs tend to have higher death rates becayse when birth rates fall, there are fewer young people. Improved healthcare allows most people to live longer. Death rates then increase because there are so many elderly people.
Infant mortality (the number of babies under 12 months dying per 1000 live births) – this indicates the quality of healthcare and standard of living within a country. Richer countries tend to have low infant mortality rates.
People per doctor – this indicates the level of healthcare within a country. Richer countries tend to have a lower number of people per doctor.
Literacy rate (the % of people who can read and write) – this indicates the quality of education within a country. Richer countries have higher literacy rates.
Access to safe water (the % of people who have access to clean water) – this indicates the level of hygeine and sanitation within a country. Richer countries tend to have the best access to safe water.
Life expectancy (the average age people live to in a country) – this indicates the quality of healthcare within a country and how well they can cope with disease.
Development can be measured in different ways. It is easy to compare two countries using one indicator (e.g. GNI per capita) but it doesn’t provide a complete picture of overall development. Therefore, usually more than one indicator is usually used to get a more accurate picture of how developed a country is.
Human Development Index (HDI), this was devised by the United Nations and uses four indicators:
- life expectancy
- education – borth literacy rate and the average number of years spent at school
- GDP per capita ppp (purchasing power parity)
Each indicator is given a score, and the HDI is the average of the four scores. 1.000 is the best score, and 0.000 is the worst. Countries are put in order from 1 to 169 according to their overall scores. The top three coutnries are Norway, Australia and New Zealand; the worst three are Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of Congo and Niger. The UN uses HDI because, by linking education and health, it shows how far people are benefitting from a country’s economic growth.
Classifying countries
In 1981, a report was published about global development. It was called the Brandt report and it showed a divided world. A wealthy North controlled 80% of the world’s wealth, and a poorer South only 20%. The development indicator used was GNP per capita. This system has decreased in popularity because, as economies develop, it is just too simple. There is huge variation between the countries which are located with the North and also those in the South. China, for example, is classified as in the South and its level of development is vastly different to that of Zimbabwe which is also in the South.
Another simple division which was used was less developed country (LDC) and more developed country (MDC). This was not widely accepted because development is not only economic but also social and cultural. Many poor countries have a rich culture and society. It was negative to suggest that culture was at a low level just because the country was economically poor. LDC therefore became less economically developed country (LEDC) and MDC became more economically developed country (MEDC).
In the last 40 years the world order has changed enormously. Globalisation has meant that there are more contacts and trade between countries than ever before. Some LEDCs are growing more rapidly than most developed economies. A new category had to be introduced to cover those countries developing fastest. They became known as newly industrialising countries (NICs).
A new five-fold division based on wealth has been recently suggested:
- Rich industrialising countries e.g. UK, Norway, USA
- Oil-exporting countries e.g. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait – these have a great spready of wealth in their society. Huge amounts of money are made from exporting oil. Rich people and companies have enormous wealth and are investing abroad. The majority of people remain poor in oil-exporting countries such as the United Arab Emirates. Some profit is used for development projects, so eventually everyone may benefit.
- Newly industrialising countries e.g. China, India, Brazil
- Former centrally planned economies (those previously havin been a Communist political system) e.g. Czech Republic, Bulgaria – this covers a wide variety of countries. Russia still has considerable Communist influence but countries such as Poland and the Czech Republic are becoming more like their Western European countries and are members of the EU. China still has a Communist government but is one of the world’s fastest growing economies.
- Heavily indebted poor countries e.g. Ethiopia, Chad – they have borrowed large sums of money from other countries or from world organisations such as the World Bank, but earning enough to repay the debt with interest is taking funds that should be used for development projects.
What is the difference between standard of living and quality of life?
- Someone’s standard of living is their material wealth e.g. their income, whether they own a car etc. This can be measured quantitatively (i.e. using numbers).
- Quality of life includes standard of living and other things that aren’t easy to measure e.g. how safe they feel, how nice the environment is. This is measured qualitatively (i.e. using words to describe).
- In general the higher a person’s standard of living the higher their quality of life. But just because they have a high standard of living doesn’t mean they have a high quality of life e.g. a person might earn lots but live somewhere where there’s lots of crime and pollution.
- Different people in the world have different ideas about what an acceptable quality of life is e.g. people in the UK might think it’s having a nice house, owning a car but people in Ethiopia might think it means having clean drinking water.